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← Glossary Term

Foundation model

A large, general-purpose model trained once on broad data and then adapted to many different tasks.

A foundation model is the big, expensive, general model that everything else gets built on top of. Instead of training a separate system for translation, another for summarising and another for code, you train one very large model on an enormous amount of text or images, and then adapt it to specific jobs with a little extra training or just clever prompting.

The term became popular because it captures the economics. Building one costs enormous amounts of compute and data, which is why only a handful of organisations do it, while thousands of companies build products on top. When you read that a lab is “training a new foundation model”, that is the expensive part of the industry being described.